Political science Essay

Political federalism is a concept of political philosophy where by member groups are bound with a central governing head. Federalism is also often used in describing a government system that has its sovereignty being divided constitutionally between a central authority of government and political units such as states and provinces. Federalism is the system that involves sharing of the power to govern between state and national governments, hence creating what is commonly known as Federation. The proponents of federalism are referred to as federalists. Democracy is a form of government whereby the basic personal as well as political rights are guaranteed by the constitution. In democracy, the constitution must also guarantee fair and free elections as well as independent law courts. Read more: How does federalism guard against tyranny essay For full democracy to be experienced in any state some basic requirements such as guarantee of basic human rights, separation o powers, freedom of speech, opinion, pres and mass media religious liberty, and good governance must be fulfilled. Federalism enhances democracy and this can well be explained by the public choice theory. It has been clearly argued that individuals are able to participate more and in direct way in the smaller political units as opposed to a unitary government (Elazar 89). In addition, individuals who may be dissatisfied with conditions of a certain smaller state as unit are free to move to another state. This has been believed to promote freedom of movement as well as freedom of expression among the citizens. Promotion and encouragement of such freedom results to enhancement of democracy in a federal system. Moreover, federalism is believed to limit or rather prevent arbitrary action from the entire state, simply by applying the principle of due process. It limits the power that can be exercised by the government and enhance access to the rights by the citizens since it discourages any legislature that wishes to restrict liberties through in access to constitutional power (Elazar 112). Again, the legal process of decision making of federalism limits the speed with which action can be taken by the government. Through federalism the US senators who initially use to be appointed by the legislators of the state are now voted in their seats by the popular vote of each single state. This has enhanced the democracy of the citizens whereby they can now participate in the free and fair elections of their senators. In the United States, federalism is the government system in which power is divided between the government of such state and a central government. The undermining of the federalism by the US constitutions is clearly expresses by the fact that the US constitution is clearly expressed by the fact that the US constitution does not define nor explain the concepts of federalism in any one of its sections (Elazar 54). This was overlooked due to the fact that the states were known to be pre-existing entities. There is also very narrow interpretation of some parts of the constitution such as in the commerce clause, supremacy clause, and the necessary clause. Due to this narrow interpretation, federalism is entitled to jurisdiction only in the constitution grants it. The US constitution also has the power of not delegating to the federal government. The reserved powers are channeled to the people or rather the state. Conclusion. Federalism is an important form of political philosophy that is exercised in several states in the world. It has promoted democracy to a great extend especially in the US where by the citizens have been able to participate in free and fair elections as well as enjoying the freedom of movement and speech within the single states. The US constitution should therefore be reviewed to ensure that it does not underpin federalism. Reference. Elazar J. Exploring Federalism.University of Alabama Press

The Effects of Steroids on the Human Body and Steroid Abuse

The Effects of Steroids on the Human Body and Steroid Abuse by Athletes For many years, the use and abuse of anabolic-androgenic steroids have been linked closely to athletes. Steroids come in different forms. They can be taken in pill form or injected straight into the user’s muscles by a needle. There are many sports that are associated with steroid abuse like weightlifting, basketball, and track and field. Anabolic-androgenic steroids are synthetic forms of male sex hormones, like testosterone.They speed up the growth and development process of muscles in the body. Steroids were originally developed around the 1930s in order to treat hypogonadism, which is a disease that prevents the male testes to not produce enough testosterone for its functions. Once scientists began to test steroids on animals, the same effect of increased muscle size was present in the animals. This immediately led to the abuse of steroids by body and weight lifters, and then closely followed by athletes from all kinds of different sports to enhance their performances.Whet her the user is male or female, certain sexual mannerisms of the male body will begin to produce in their body. There are several temporary and permanent side effects of abusing steroids. Temporary side effects include acne, increased breast size in men, and aggression. The sebaceous glands in the skin become inflated with excessive steroid use. Once this happens, the oils in the glands are increased which causes the skin to break out with acne. Another effect would be gynecomastia (increased breast size in men).This occurs when the body converts extra testosterone into female hormones, like estrogen, and female breast tissue is sometimes formed creating breasts on the man. Females will also experience male characteristic changes to their bodies. They might notice that their voices may be deepening because the testosterone from the steroids sends male signals to the brain. Facial hair and body hair with begin to grow rapidly on the female’s body, along with coarse skin and sh runken breasts. Both men and women will experience â€Å"roid rage† which is a heightened aggression for no certain reason.This anger can lead to irritability, stress, and violence. The long term side effects can include HIV, cardiovascular problems, stunted growth, and weight problems. HIV, not taken very seriously by must steroids abusers, is one of the most dangerous and deadliest side effects of steroids. This is because people don’t think they can get HIV even though most of the time they are sharing their needles with a numerous amount of other users. HIV could be spread from one person to another just by using one needle.Using steroids can increase one’s blood cholesterol which can lead to heart problems, heart attacks, and even strokes. The new weight of the user’s muscles puts an unnecessary strain and pressure on the heart, because it has to pump more blood to so much more tissues in the muscles. Stunted growth mainly affects teenagers going thr ough puberty because once the brain senses a certain amount of hormones in the body; it sends a message to the bones to stop growing to the teenager will most likely be shorter than the average height for their gender, ge, and weight. One last long term side effect of using steroids would be weight gain and other weight problems. People who eventually stop abusing steroids often end up having a weight problem. If they bulked up with lots of muscle, these muscles will turn to an absurd amount of fat on their body. They also have an issue with losing the excess fat because the muscles were so used to being injected with steroids. The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) has written a list of banned drugs that all athletes are not allowed to use to enhance their performance.The list includes steroids that can be taken orally or steroids that can be injected by a needle into the abuser’s muscle. There have been thousands of athletes that have been banned from the respective sports bec ause of doping (using steroids) while training and/or participating. Several doping scandals in the athletic world have unfortunately come up in the past. One example would be the steroid scandal of Marion Jones. She had won the 100 meter dash, 200 meter dash, and the 4Ãâ€"1 meter relay in the Sydney Olympics.Around 2005, there was an investigation to see whether she was doping or not. Marion denied ever using steroids before or during the Summer Olympics. But in 2007, she admitted in court that she lied to the investigators and two grand juries saying she had in fact used steroids during the Summer Olympics. Because of this confession, she was sentenced to six months in 2008 prison for lying to the prosecutors who were investigating her case. In an interview with Oprah, Marion Jones admitted that she most likely could have won in the Sydney Olympics without the use of steroids.Honestly, if she was confident enough to know that she was going to win without doping, what was the poin t of taking steroids in the first place? It makes me sad to hear that there are hundreds of thousands of doping scandals like this and even in other sports. If you’re good enough in what you’re doing, I think that you don’t need to over-do it by adding steroids into the mix. Marion was stripped of her gold medals from Sydney. Nowadays, WADA and other anti-doping agencies are cracking down harder on drug testing athletes several times before and after games and races.If you know you’re not good enough and you feel like you have to take steroids, don’t bother wasting your time because sooner or later someone is going to find out and you’ll end up embarrassing yourself and your family. It feels better to win knowing that all you did was work hard, keep to eating a healthy diet, and train as much as you could, instead of getting lazy and buying steroids. I understand people need to see that they are â€Å"the best† instead of just believi ng it, but there are other ways to improve your performance and do well in whatever sport you play.

Hong Kong’s Environmental Problems and Solutions

lmovementHong Kong’s environmental problems and solutions Hong Kong is one of the top financial centers in the world. Thus, the environmental quality of Hong Kong is very important. It is because the environmental quality is indirectly linking to the image of Hong Kong. Moreover, the living standard of Hong Kong residents is also under influencing of the environmental quality. However, Hong Kong is now surviving serious environmental problems. Poor air quality, noise problem and heavy traffic loads are the three important problems of Hong Kong.The members of Hong Kong should try their best to tackle these problems. Problem of air quality in Hong Kong is serious so we need to try our best to solve it. Three are two main reasons that causing the serious air pollution problem in Hong Kong. One of them is the increasing number of vehicles. Another is the huge amount of pollutants from industrial production. First of all, vehicle is a significant source of air pollution in Hong Kon g. Commercial vehicles like buses and trucks always emit a huge amount of pollutants.These pollutants contain large amounts of particulates that worsen the air quality. Secondly, the pollutants from industrial production are giving a helping hand in causing the air pollution problem. During the process of industrial production, energy conversion is always taken place. However, energy conversion operation will give out a certain amount of pollutant. For example, nitric oxide is formed when industrial combustion takes place. Air pollution has deep influence on human as well as the natural environment. For the human, the main influence is the health effect.American Academy of Family Physicians (2010) explained that people who affected by air pollution will suffer from difficulty in breathing, coughing and even worsen their respiratory disease. In more serious case, the effect of air pollution may induce the permanent disease. For the natural environment, air pollution will intensify th e problem of global warming. As there are a lot of particles emitted to the air, the heat released from the land will trap by these particles. Thus, the earth will become more and more hot. Once the global temperature is increase, more energy is generated in order to reduce the temperature.However, more particles are emitted through the generate process. Thus, it will become a cycle. As we know the seriousness of the air pollution, we should take actions to deal with the problem. â€Å"The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government gives high priority to controlling both street-level air pollution and smog. † (Environmental Protection Department, 2011) To reduce the pollutants emitted from vehicles, the Environmental Protection Department (2011) pointed out that the government has adopted a tighter fuel and vehicle emission standards and strengthens vehicle emission inspections against smoky vehicles.These measures can effectively control the pollutants emission from vehicles. One the other, the waste gas giving out from industrial production should also be regulated. The government can install system on power generation plant and develop green energy power to reduce the emission of suspended particles. As a result, pollutants from industrial production can be largely reduced. We should take immediate actions to solve the serious noise problem in Hong Kong. As Hong Kong's economy has grown in  recent decades, so too has the noise that comes from transport, construction, commercial and industrial sources in this compact, densely populated city. † (GovHK, 2011) There are two main sources of noise pollution in Hong Kong. They are noise from transportation and industry. Transportation is the main source of noise pollution. Because of their mobile nature, the areas under their influence can be extended. Vehicles produce the most extensive noise effect compare to trains and aircrafts. It is because it is difficult to control the noise produced from vehicles.The source is thus difficult to chase as they are mobile. Heavy trucks, higher speed cars and frequent stop and start of cars always produce higher level of noise. On the other hand, industry is another important source of noise. In construction industry, high level of noise is always produced from the use of equipments. There are piling, compressor and bulldozers that produce high level of noise. Moreover, noise will also produced in manufacturing industry. During the operation of machines, noise is generated. Noise has more impacts than we expected. It will affect our health, daily life and environmental quality. The most immediate and acute health effect of excessive noise is impairment of hearing. † (Singh. N, 2004) Prolonged exposure to noise can damage our ear cells. This may caused temporary or even permanent hearing loss. Also, noise can violate our cardiovascular system. It will make us hard to focus and concentrate as well as causing headaches. For the effect on our daily life, people’s working efficiency will be affected. Under noisy environment, teaching and learning will become less effective. Teachers and students need to pay more effort on concentrating on their work.To tackle the noise problem, the Environmental Protection Department (2011) purposed to reduce traffic noise through careful land use planning. Better road planning will divert the noisy road from the residential areas and thus reduce the disturbance to the residents. Lastly, there is an urged to deal with to problem of traffic congestion. â€Å"The problem of traffic congestion in Hong Kong is caused by the lack using of public transport† (Lo I, 2004). Hong Kong is such a small place but there are a few million vehicles on the roads. We can see that there are a lot of private vehicles running on the road everyday.The increasing of private vehicles increases the demand of the usage of the roads. As more and more vehicles are riding on the roads at the same time, the road system will then cannot afford. Traffic congestion occurs. Another cause of traffic congestion is less well-planned road system in Hong Kong. In Central, traffic congestion is common. It is because of the poor road system. Many vehicles will rush to Central at the rush hour, but the poor road system cannot help to divert the vehicles flow rate. So many vehicles are concentrated in Central and caused traffic congestion.What are the impacts of traffic congestion? Firstly, Lo I. (2004) claimed that people are needed to pay heavy time cost for traffic congestion. The wasting of time may lead to the loss of business, late for work and school. So traffic congestion can also cause the economics loss. In addition, the image of Hong Kong will also be affect. Hong Kong is an international financial center that gives the world an image of efficient. However, traffic congestion will make the damages of this image. People will wonder why Hong Kong, such a well-developed c ity, is having the problem of traffic congestion.So, measures should be taking to relieve this problem. The government should have a better road planning in order to release the heavy traffic burden in Central. Education cannot be avoided in order to educate the citizen to use more public transport. To conclude, poor air quality, noise problem and traffic congestion are the three issues that the government needs to deal with. These problems are not only affected the people’s standard of living but also the image of Hong Kong. It is no doubt that the Hong Kong people should focus on these problems and solve them together.

Personal Development Planning (PDP) Assignmant Essay - 3

Personal Development Planning (PDP) Assignmant - Essay Example Individuals who can use personal time management techniques may lead richer lives than others both in terms of what they achieve and how much time they have for leisure activities with their families or on their own. Time management skills also teach an individual to work better under pressure, mitigate the effects of stress generated by time pressures and to function at full capacity when there is a time crunch placed on them (Cook, 1998). In this way, through planning, organization, forecasting and time allotment for various tasks, a person can come to terms with how they are going to spend time achieving certain goals. These goals can be work related whereby a person can break up a given task into smaller segments linked with time based deadlines which can let a person know if they need to work faster or if they can slow down a little to review and try and improve their quality. By balancing work with the given time, a person can overcome the problem of procrastination and handle intense workloads without breaking a sweat (Cook, 1998). The fundamental guidelines of time management focus on getting a certain level of results within a given time. Mismanagement of time would be spending time on quite a few different activities where none of the given tasks are completed and no results can be shown. There is a rule of time management known as the eighty-twenty rule which suggests that most of the unfocused energy (80%) towards a given task only produces minor (20%) of the results. On the other hand, a little (20%) focused time and energy can produce a lot (80%) of the results (Cook, 1998). Planning and completing tasks with time management skills in mind can help individuals focus their energies so they can handle more work in less time. Instead of waiting mental and physical effort on needless tasks a person can focus on things which are urgent, important and need to

Virgils Aeneid Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Virgils Aeneid - Essay Example Believed to have been written circa 20 BC, this rhapsody illustrates the virtues of piety and duty on part of the hero. The grand scale and difficulty of the adventure of Aeneas provides several moments of examination of his virtuous qualities. In his mission to find the prophesied place where he is to build a new Troy, he is accompanied by his father, his baby son Iulus and a group of loyal companions. One could liken the sense of duty of Aeneus to that of Augustus. This is particularly true with respect to the filial piety shown by Aeneas, as illustrated by â€Å"his care for and deference towards his aged father Anchises.† (Whitehorne, 2005, p.1) The epitome of Aeneas’ sense of duty is the scene where he leaves the destroyed city of Troy by carrying his father on his back. After his father’s death, Aeneas will pray to the Gods to invoke divine honors for the deceased soul – an act reminiscent of Octavia appeasing the departed soul of his father Julius C aesar after the completion of the civil war. Aeneas’ sense of duty is also witnesses in his relationship toward his son Julus. For example, during the funeral games for Anchises, Aeneas leads the boys’ equestrian event in the first celebration of the Lusus Troiae, the Game of Troy. The death of his father is a crucial event in the moral development of Aeneas, whose sense of responsibility and resoluteness in accomplishing his objectives increases after the event. His sense of piety and duty thus undergoes a transformation for the good. For example, during the later half of the poem, we witness how Aeneas is brave and willing â€Å"to put duty before his own feelings, however great the cost personally as when he obeys the gods and leaves Dido† (Whitehorne, 2005, p.1). The view that Aeneid is a political poem is given credence by the details of his life and adventure. For example, Aeneid illustrates Aeneas’ ability as a politician and â€Å"a maker of alli ances as well as his personal valor (and vengeful ruthlessness) which we see come to the fore in the second half of the Aeneid. There is his foundation of cities and his scrupulous observance of religious rituals.† (Whitehorne, 2005, p1) Since in Ancient Rome, the message and moral content of classic literary works were respected by the ruling elite, the subject was used as a vehicle for politics and propaganda. For example, â€Å"The subject furnished political advantages. The legend unfolded in the Aeneid provided justification for Rome’s complex relationship with the Hellenic world, which involved military and political domination coupled with a certain cultural dependency. Representing Rome as a resurgence of a Troy destroyed by the Greeks gave the Roman conquest of Greece the coloring of legitimate revenge. Virgil did not miss the opportunity to put into the mouth of Jupiter, in a lengthy prophecy addressed to Venus, a proclamation that Rome would destroy the most renowned cities of Greece, which were responsible for the fall of Troy† (Brisson, 1989, p.22) Moreover, the view that the Aeneid has propagandist elements in it is learnt from how its author, Virgil, panders and praises Augustus, the then emperor of Rome. In his book Warrior Politics: Why Leadership Demands a Pagan Ethos, author Robert Kaplan criticizes Virgil for his assumed role as an Augustan panegyrist. But this characterization of the author and his work is contested as it overlooks centuries of critical comment on Virgil’s works, questioning his â€Å"role as a state-sponsored propagandist†. (Harper, 2008, p.117) To narrow down Virgil to a mere propagandist and to equate his work to hyperbole

Balance-of-Power theory in World War I & II Research Paper

Balance-of-Power theory in World War I & II - Research Paper Example While WWI was more re suit of growing tension and competition, WWI was caused by direct aggression (Russel 130). The swelling of nationalist pride that began in the 19th century and endured into the 20th induced both wars at least partly. The assassination of Franz Ferdinand and the conflict between on Serbia and Austria, for example, was a result of Serbian nationalism and was fueled by a longing for self-determination. World War II was also begun by nationalism, especially that of the Germans. It was this German nationalism and desire for sell‘-determination that fueled Hitler's campaigns to take over Europe. Both wars were sparked by the upset of the delicate balance of power in Europe. In WWI, tension between the big powers of the time- Germany Britain Russia and France- upset this balance, likewise the balance was tipped ones again when Hitler’s campaign began and the German ‘Reich’ began to expand. While WWI began with a conflict between small countrie s, which then branched out through the tangled alliances of Europe to other larger countries. WWII began with the big powers. WWI can be traced back to the rivalry between Austria-Hungary and Serbia. Over time, large powers such as Russia and Germany stepped in to defend their allies and this enraged oven more countries. The inception of WWI was therefore like a 'ripple' effect beginning quite small, and then expanding. WWII was quite the opposite, beginning with the brutal campaigns and expansion of revisionist powers Germany and Japan. If WWI began with a ripple, WWII began with explosion. Large European powers got involved in WW1 because they wanted to protect their allies, not because of direct acts of aggression against them. WWII was marked by such acts daggrassim as the bombing of Pearl Harbor, the invasion of Poland, and the Rape of Hackling. While WWI began largely because of tension between countries that had been caused by competition over reign markets and colonies (Paul et al 112). Largely Fascism and a thirst for revenge began WWII. Hitler’s attacks on Europe and the transformation of Germany into a dictatorship was made possible because the German people were vulnerable and scarred by the previous war. These wars could be considered one continual conflict that was not properly resolved in the interim. The nationalism, alliances, and aggression that led to both wars points out that their roots were quite similar. The lesson learned is that the resolutions or lack of it has therefore shaped the way we make peace today. Both World War I and II were preceded by large armament buildups. In WWI, in Europe they were of a long-standing nature and in response to balance-of-power exigencies which usually placed a two to four times greater per capita burden on the populace than in the United States Germany‘s per capita burden was 7.65 times more than that of the US. There was no doubt that it was a nation poised for war. There was little suppo rt for a contrary opinion in both world wars; eminent expenses grew beyond the security needs of the nations. Rates immediately prior to both wars were of such a magnitude as to strongly suggest the imminence of war. In both these cases, inhibitory controls on armaments could have prevented wars of the sizes that occurred. For example, Treaty of versatile prohibitions on Germany and the League of Nations treaties vetoed by Great Britain in the 1923-25 period. What distinguished the occurrence of WWI and WWII entailed the dependence on the military, and the inhibitory controls. The choices made were military ones: balance of power and Maginot Lincoln neither ease did these methods perform, as intended, to prevent war. In terms of the present model in the WWI-WWII interim period, German DT was not

The editorial Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The editorial - Essay Example According to Bay City News, the family has come up with a donation page in order for elicit funds for supporting Rath’s 3 months’ old daughter along with sustenance of the funeral expense. Prior to the tragedy, Officer Peter van Eckhardt stated that the California Highway Patrol officers had heard of a motorcycle speeding on the bridge, but responded at around 4:30 pm. Before long, van Eckhardt mentioned something about the officers receiving reports of a collision on the selfsame bridge. The loss aroused a search effort across different emergency arms of San Francisco. In a bid to rescue the body, the Rio Vista police, Oakley police, a CHP helicopter and the Contra Costa County Fire Protection District and Contra Costa County sheriff’s rescue boats all responded to the scene. Further, a Sig-alert was lifted at about 7:15 pm in response to the very scene. However, the emergency personnel halted the search after trying to pursue the body for up to 2 hours mainly because of the setting sun. At this point they had only come across some of Rath’s gears, though they could not figure out the way to associate the devices with Rath himself. According to Marshall , the crew was to resume the search on the next day. The move by the marine units from Solano, Contra and Sacramento counties to search for Rach’s body reveals how the units are committed to their committed to their patrolling routes. In taking such a step can to citizens serve as evidence that the state wants the very best for them. However, the state needs to adopt approaches that can allow the emergency personnel to be capable of engaging in the search processes even during night sessions. This comes in handy in case of collisions that occur around fast moving rivers. You never know, probably it is because of the directive to halt the search process after 2 hours that made Rath to be found

Contemperary issues in business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Contemperary issues in business - Essay Example The report would also address the various ways of responding to the turbulent changes in the business of the company. The company that has been chosen for this work is Mercedes Benz. Mercedes Benz is a multinational automobile company that is headquartered in Stuttgart, Germany. The company is the automobile distribution of the German automobile producer Daimler AG. The business of Mercedes Benz has its roots way back in the patent of Daimler in 1901 and the patent of Benz in 1886. The model first emerged in 1926 under the name of Daimler-Benz. The restructuring of the organization resulted in the change of name of the business model and is today referred as Mercedes Benz. The products of the company are the luxury automobiles in the categories of various cars, coaches, trucks and buses. The customers served by the Mercedes Benz automobile business comprises of mainly the luxury market segment and its customers. However, the company has also launched lower price model from the year 2 011 which included the B-class, C-class and the M-class automobile products. The roadster model has also gained popularity among the customers in the market. This has led to the increase in market share of Mercedes Benz over the years as compared to its competitors in the world market, namely Audi, BMW, etc. The growth of market share for Mercedes Benz from the year 2006 to 2011 has been represented below in graphical form. The market share of Mercedes Benz has increased from 12.96% in 2006 to 16.59% in 2011. The business of Mercedes Benz could be termed as an open business which is open to the challenges and opportunities of the macro-economic environment in the world market. The business has been able to identify the changing market environment in various economies over a period of last five years for which the company has been able to operate efficient as an open system (Phillips, 1983, p.185). 2.0 Today’s drivers of change The business of Mercedes Benz has been an open sy stem to the prevailing conditions of the several markets in which it has ventured. The company is influenced by the drivers of change in today’s market. It is therefore, important for the company to identify the drivers of change in today’s automobile market in order to be prepared for the challenges to be faced in future course of business (Cameron and Green, 2012, p.88). The drivers of change in the business of Mercedes Benz could be analysed by reviewing the political, economic, social, environmental, legal and technological environment in which it operates. 2.1 Political The political environment in the markets of operation of Mercedes Benz has varied due to the policies of the government that are driven by the political motives. The governments in US, UK, France, etc. have showed concerns over the quality of models launched by Mercedes Benz in order to ensure safety and protection of the customers. The political interferences in the merger and acquisition of Merce des Benz with the other companies like Studebaker and Packard Corporation

Cognitive Linguistics Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Cognitive Linguistics - Term Paper Example 24). In his classification the â€Å"symbols† refer to the arbitrary signs, while â€Å"indices† and â€Å"icons† refer to the motivated ones. Arbitration is the process of giving the objects the titles that have nothing to do with its features and nature, while motivation is the process that is based on cause and effect relations between a referent and a sign. According to Pierce, the example of a â€Å"symbol† can be the word â€Å"table† – the sign does not reveal any outward or inner features or functions of the object. However, his indices and icons are more or less motivated. Indices represent the signs where the sign is determined by proximity or causality. The examples here are the smoke coming from the building – that indicates fire, the movement of the pointed finger at any object is also an index. The relation here is based on causality, common knowledge and traditions of people’s culture. Studying icons Pierce distin guished three types of icons. Image is a kind of sign that either visually, audibly or in any other way resembles a referent. The examples here include paintings, photos or onomatopoetic words. By copying something with gestures or mimics we also display images. The second type is metaphor that has a more elusive nature, though it is still based on the abstract resemblance of a referent. Using some gestures of non-verbal communication can also illustrate the metaphor, since it is based on a kind of meaningful transition. For instance, while discussing some problems a person can show the size of the problem with the hands. Certainly, the size is abstract and relative but it has the beginning and the end. In this case the intention of a person to demonstrate the seriousness of the problem is the main factor that refers it to the â€Å"image† sign. The third type is diagrams that show information, tendencies or figures in absolutely another way, but still they do not represent t he very object to us. A wiring diagram demonstrates the relationship between â€Å"the parts of a circuit, but neither the general form of the diagram nor the indexes of the certain parts need to look like the physical circuit† (Hinton, 1994, p. 34) In the history of linguistics scientists tended to focus more on arbitration than on motivation. Though, it cannot be but mention that the most part of the signs in the language are of the arbitrary nature, but still the motivated ones are not to be neglected. As mentioned above all our gestures that go with our verbal speech are sure to have the motivated nature. The language of the deaf has a more iconic implication than the spoken language. The examples of early written languages Sumerian, ancient Chinese and Egyptian bore the iconic nature. The language in this case was carried out through the pictograms or signs that represent exactly an icon. Unlike the study of Saussure the signs of the spoken language do not have only arbi trary nature. The motivated signs refer not only to onomatopoeia and sound symbolism but also to some syntactical structures. A man has many various forms of communication, though it is possible to mark out two basic forms of it. It is necessary to understand the development and importance of motivation signs and for translators and interpreters it is necessary to differentiate them in the process of communication. Our two most typical forms of communic

Educational Institutions and ProcessesMarginality Essay

Educational Institutions and ProcessesMarginality - Essay Example The societal structure is more concerned with such human elements as religion, demography, social structure and culture. In addition, the structure is also concerned with the connection between politics and economics with regard to group or individual access to resources. As such, the societal framework tends to stress on the consideration of those fundamental causes of inequality, exclusion, social injustice, as well as the spatial isolation of the populace (Brodwin, 2003). On the other hand, the spatial element of marginality is chiefly based on physical setting and space from centre of development, lying at the periphery of a poorly incorporated society (Larsen, 2002). With this notion, it is anticipated that an insight into the physical locations and space on individuals and groups livelihoods shall be gained.From these meanings, one can undoubtedly observe that marginality is a progression that emerges and evolves gradually in a variety of scales and types under geo-political and socio-economical settings. As such, marginality supports and replicates that state of marginalization to a large extent. It is worth noting that the interpretation of societal marginality stems from social conditions. The apparent disparities in a social institution such as a school will often be as a result of exclusion from the 'mainstream'. At this point, the state and scale of economic, social, and political inequalities linking the mainstream and the marginalized ought to be assessed from the perspective of legitimate and equitable access to decision making procedures and resources. By and large, educational marginality is often revealed by the underlying state of people. The state could as well be represented by such poor living options as a lack of opportunities, resources, and skills. Further, such a state can also be reflected by either a limited or reduced contribution in the making of public decisions, and low self esteem (Brodwin, 2003). In the educational institutions, marginalized students are normally stigmatized, singled out, ignored and mostly repressed on age, gender, culture, race, ethnicity, religion, occupation, economy, and education basis by the mainstream (Larsen, 2002). Marginalized groups in existing schools situations McCready (2004) has suggested a multidimensional structure that considers the multiple forms and differences of oppression , with a view to understanding and suggesting possible options for gay as well as for the gender non-conforming African American male students attending urban schools. The author has indicated that such students experience a certain kind of marginalization, and which is almost recognized by almost everybody who knows about the sexual orientation of this group. In addition, the author has also indicated that in a majority of the cases, such gay students have feelings that they are usually being marginalized by the mainstream society in school. The sad situation that this book brings out is that in certain instances, such students will normally experience marginalization, yet they fail to admit it. It has often been argued that from a school perspective, marginalization tends to be a multifaceted and complex process. For this reason, it is important that the

Formal Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Formal Report - Essay Example Even the health industry has transformed itself and treating diseases that were considered fatal in the past. Robotic surgeries have also made their space on the surgery schedule boards in hospitals around the world. A procedure that could once only be imagined for a sci-fi adventure has now become a reality. This extensive inclusion of technology that would have raised eyebrows in the past is being accepted and adopted by doctors around the world as a competitive advantage in hospitals. It was only a matter of time that the increasing trend of medical advancement and equipment technology would lead us to the point where we risk our lives in the hands of a robot. The robot, being controlled by a surgeon, performs the procedure on the patient. The surgeon might be located a few blocks away or across a couple of oceans. The revolutionary step in the field of health sciences has attracted many; however, it is still not free from risks and reservations. Just like any other invention in i ts initiation phase, robotic surgeries need to take few more steps to ensure minimal risks and dangers for the patients. 1. Introduction The robotic technology, that started with making small machines perform interesting stunts or house chores, have been given a more creditable status in the medical field since they are being used to save human lives. The initiation of the idea of letting robotic arms and other components come in contact with the patient, rather than the surgeon, initiated in 1980s. The innovative concept attracted the technologists in the industry and thus gave way to surgeons being miles away from the physical location of the operation and relying on technology to maintain connection from the surgeon to the robot that operates on the patient. The state of the art surgical procedure is being commonly known as, ‘Da Vinci Surgery’; this name has been given by the manufacturers of this innovative robot technology, Intuitive Surgical Inc. The company, Intu itive Surgical Inc (2013) explained that the name is kept after the inventive artist for his passion for human anatomy and automation in the 1450s. Leonardo Da Vinci is known to design the first robot of its kind in 1495 which was discovered hundreds of years later in 1950s. Leddy, Lendvay and Satava (2010) gave valuable information about the initiation of the idea of such a risky mode of treatment where the surgeon cannot control the consequences of any atypical scenario; robotic surgeries were initially aimed to perform remote surgeries in the battlefield to ensure immediate treatment to soldiers. The robotic equipment was mounted on the top of the vehicles and surgeons were expected to perform the surgery with the aid of the robotic arm while sitting in their own comfortable space. These authors defined it as the surgical procedure that separates the surgeon from the patient by adding a robotic device in the middle of them. With the passage of time, the concept made its way in th e civilian territory and started being used for commercial treatment. The passive role of medical equipment and technological devices has been transformed into a major one in an operating room. A diverse range of procedures are now being performed with robots being the direct contact with the patients, namely gynecological and urological procedures and many mores. 2. Research Quality and Patient Safety Division: Commonwealth of Massachusetts Board of Registration in Medicine. (2013) stated that robotic surgeries have started becoming

The Historical Development Of The Juvenile Essay Example for Free

The Historical Development Of The Juvenile Essay The Juvenile Justice System was a creation of the Progressive Era reformist. Prior to this time there was little consideration for children as needing or deserving different treatment than adults. To tell the truth there was relatively no separation of adults and children up to this point in time. In retrospect it could be said that the creation of a separate stage in the life of growing people led to the creation of a separate justice system. So the creation of adolescence and its separation from the rest of society also gave rise to the Juvenile Justice System. This section of the paper looks into this development. As late as the eighteenth century children regularly participated in activities that would now be considered adult in nature (Empey, 1976). This included but was not limited to engaging in sexual activity at an early age, learning and using obscene language, drinking alcohol in taverns if not at home, working and learning trades and fighting in wars (Empey, 1976). In the United States there was little difference than the rest of western society. Colonial reformist saw deviant behavior as something to be concerned about but it was considered a critical social problem or a breakdown in the social organization (Empey, 1976). Basically they saw humans as inherently weak and drew a parallel between sin and crime and they treated either equally with the same harsh, usually public, punishments. But with the newly won freedom of the United States came a new perspective on things. With peoples freedoms being based on the Constitution and the Bill of Rights, which had their foundations in the Enlightenment Eras philosophies, there came many changes in the way people saw things (Empey, 1976). People were no longer seen as inherently evil or preordained to a certain life path. Deviance was no longer equated with sin; it was due to a flaw in upbringing or other social problem. With these new philosophies dominating society there came a pressing need to most to change and revise the criminal codes of the past and also the reduction in punishment for a majority of less serious crimes. But even this did not create a separation of youths and adults in society or in the criminal justice system. That did not occur until the early nineteenth century when Progressive Era reformist were pushing for a  serious of programs aimed at helping the youth of society (Empey, 1976). Among these programs were child labor laws, mandatory schooling, kindergarten programs and increased intervention and rehabilitation for the wayward youth of society (National†¦, 2001). The backlash of several of these programs, whether intentional or not, was the stratification of our society by age. It is this stratification that latter allowed for the complete separation of youth from the rest of society during adolescence. It also led to the creation of Houses of Refuge and Orphan Asylums in most major cities. In fact by 1825 these institutions for juvenile offenders and other lost youth were common in most populous cities and states (Empey, 1976). It was the purpose of these institutions to act as a substitute for family and community but as is usually the case they soon became overcrowded and became nothing more than warehouses for these youths. By the end of the nineteenth century reformers felt even more effort was needed to solve the problem and more legality was sought to back their actions. They pushed for more power to interfere in troubled youths lives, they saw no need to wait until the child committed an offense before giving them guidance, and these powers were granted. Now a child could be pulled from any situation in which it was felt they were being corrupted or adequate attention and structure were being provided. These new powers and the increased emphasis of the reformist for a separate system for children gave rise to the Juvenile Justice System. In 1899 the Illinois Juvenile Court Act gave birth to the first juvenile court in Chicago (National, 2001). By 1925 a functioning juvenile court existed in every state in the U.S. except Wyoming and Maine (Schlossman, 1983). Empey, LeMar T.; The Social Construction of Childhood, Delinquecny and Social Reform in _The Juvenile Justice System,_ Vol. 5, Pp. 27-51, Malcolm Klein ed., Sage Publications, 1976. National Research Council and Institute of Medicine: _Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice_. Panel on Juvenile Crime: Prevention, Treatment, and Control. Joan McCord, Cathy Spatz Widom and Nancy A. Crowell, eds. Committee on Law Justice and Board on Children, Youth and Families. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2001 Schlossman, Steven; Juvenile Justice: History and Philosophy in _Encyclopedia of Crime and Justice,_ Vol. 3, Pp. 961-969, S. Kadish ed. New York: Free press, 1983

Should The Internet Be Regulated Media Essay

Should The Internet Be Regulated Media Essay Internet censorship has become a hot topic to discuss at various levels in the government as well as within private entities and individuals. This is the taking control of what can be accessed viewed or published through the net (Zuchora, 5). It has been argued as to who should be mandated with the responsibility of internet control. This may be approved by the government or private organizations. There may be also self censorship by individuals and private organizations for their own advantage such as morals, religious and business reasons. However much has been said that the government should take control of the information sent and received through the internet. Some of the motives why the government is prepared to take control are to conform to society norms, control intimidation among people and also spread of fear among people in any country (Zuchora, 5). According to Obama, the US president he said, we are going to promote new and better tools of communication so as people can be empowered and be free to connect with other people in the society and thus with security. The government is going to support a free and also open internet so that people have needed information to help them in making decisions. It is also time to embrace the power of internet and its impact to our community. Internet has been known to improve peoples communication as well as reduce the distance barrier among two communicating people. It has been known to impact every aspect of our lives from the way we are taught in school to the way we get news and even how we find and maintain friends. Internet has led to the invention of internet based system. The internet based systems are literally used in most businesses now. They have improved efficiency and effectiveness especially in the delivery of goods and services (Bidgoli, 25). Internet also improved the storage of data, we no longer have to use files as a way of storing data. This reduced the manual filing systems which was slow and insecure. This ultimately reduced the service time especially in hospitals, banks and all service industries. Over time, there have been differing opinions on the topic internet censorship. Arguments have been made both for and against the need for the government to censor the information flowing through the internet. The degree of censorship varies from one country to the other. Some may have highly strict internet censorship such as the Arabic countries i.e. Iran. On the other hand, other countries may have extremely little internet censorship such as USA. However, the government should not limit the extent and magnitude of access to the internet in any country. This is because through the internet people have been benefiting from it such as getting news, advertising in case of businesses. There are numerous benefits associated with the use of internet in the community. This explains why I am against the issue of government censoring the internet (Zuchora, 7). A good illustration is the case of Iran, there was a plan by the Iranian to switch the internet in the county into a domestic netwo rk that was supposed to improve security. The officials in charge argued about improving deliberate cyber attacks, but the Iranians took it as an initiative to filter information online. One of the main obstacles experienced in the community when government censors the internet is the denial of the freedom of speech to the people. Internet use has increased over the last decade. The internet is believed to contain all types of information one may require. Fear of chaos should not be used as the bases to deny people (internet users) the right to express themselves and their feeling. Hence it should not be used for unwarranted censorship of the speech. The supporters of censorship argue that they are protecting the society from abuse such as sexual materials and hate being spread over the internet. However, there have been no well laid bases to determine what is bad to the people. People should be allowed to express their views on any topic in the community. Through the internet, business entities have been able to market their products both locally and internationally. Moreover, due to the changing world where by, news is being broadcasted through the internet for qui ck access by the people, censorship might deny the right of people to know and contribute to the national matters (Marsden, 164). The internet users should be left with consent to conclude what is right and wrong for them. With Internet censorship, freedom of speech through the internet continues to be threatened. The government therefore has no mandate or right to censor speech on the internet as it cannot force the adults to hear what is good for children. Freedom of expression is a vital component in any successful community. Internet has provided one of the most effective and visible ways that the ordinary people make their opinions heard. For example, when the US government was planning about Iraq war, it is the bloggers who questioned the action and not the renowned media. This gave chance for anti war opponents to organize. If the government was to regulate the internet, the American people for example would lose an important toll to exercise their freedom of expression (Bidgoli, 264). In addition to freedom of speech, internet responsibility should be left on the hands of the parent. One of the main talking points is how much the children should access thought the internet. However, government censorship would hinder the access of information to the adult. The parents should be the one in control of what the childrens access or send through the internet. This would help control what the kids can access. Control of internet usage by the kids should be left within the parents hands as well as school administration. The two people are the ones who are direct contact with the children, and it will be much effective for them to control what kids accesses on the internet. It will be much effective for parents to be responsible for the internet among their children than the government taking control (Caso, 46). Finally, control of internet usage denies privacy to the citizens. Through the censorship, government may use the internet to deny privacy. New technology tools are developed now and then and may be used by the government to deny human right as well as deny peoples privacy. When it comes to monitoring the information sent and received the government interferes with peoples privacy and may end up victimizing. People should be allowed to have their privacy to access what they want through the internet. Through the surveillance of the internet, the movement threatens free flow of information and hence violating peoples privacy. However, despite the right to access information to the people, censorship is also needed to reduce the rate of moral degradation of the children. As far as the parents are concerned, they might not be able to monitor their children all the time; hence they access wrong information from the internet. On the other hand, internet can be used to fuel crashes between communities or countries hence it should be monitored to what extent does people use the internet. A lot of malicious actions can be done through the net and despite the freedom to information control is needed for the wrong intentions of people. Conclusion From the above discussed points on the internet usage among people, it is clear that the government should cease from censoring what is sent and received by people through the internet. This is because the internet including other communication technologies has formed unprecedented ways and opportunities to share information between people. The internet has also been of great benefit through the opening of paths for pro-democracy groups, journalist and individuals in all parts of the world whereby they have been able to hold government accountable for their actions. While it is true some people misuse the internet by committing crimes, it should not be taken as the reason to regulate the entire medium. The already existing laws are adequate to preserve law and order in the communities. Much has been discussed the topic, and it leaves to the decision of the internet users to argue for or against the topic. However I take the stand that the government should not be involved in censoring the internet.

General Electric Company And Its Leadership Short History Management Essay

General Electric Company And Its Leadership Short History Management Essay Thomas Alva Edison established Edison Electric Light Company in 1878. General Electric Company, known as and commonly abbreviated simply to GE, was formed in 1892, as a result of a merger of the competing companies Edison General Electric Company and the Thomson-Houston Electric Company. Having its headquarters in United States, GE is a major technology conglomerate and is the only company listed in the Dow Jones Industrial Index today that was also included in the original index of 1896. GE is a big multinational corporation and has a diversified infrastructure. Its business activities span a wide range of areas from aircraft engines, industrial products, water processing products, power generation to financial services, medical diagnostic imaging, security technology, consumer financing, and television programming. GE operates in more than 100 countries and employs about 300,000 people worldwide. In smaller and less developed countries, it operates through distributorship or dealer ship channel by giving the rights to its distributors companies to sell and service its products. Administratively, the General Electric Company is organized into 5 divisions known as Technology Infrastructure, Consumer Industrial Electronics, Energy Infrastructure, NBC Universal and Capital Finance. A sizable portion of its products manufacturing is done in countries outside United States. Even some products research work for GE is done in Japan. In 2009, GE delivered excellent financial results despite the hard economic conditions with earnings of $11.2 billion. Industrial cash flow from operating activities for the year remained strong at over $16.6 billion. Today the company is one of the largest in the world, and owns numerous research and manufacturing firms around the world as well as two television networks and other businesses (Hanna,). John F Welch era: When John F. (Jack) Welch, Jr., became chairman and CEO in 1981, GE was in economical and financial crisis. Under his leadership, GE entered a period of radical change. Jack Welch restructured GE existing operations in an effort to make GE more competitive and profitable in all of its businesses. He sold lot of GE unprofitable businesses and fired brutally thousands of GE employees not performing well or doing redundant jobs. Welchs first order of business was to return much of the control of the company to the periphery. He decentralized GE management and reduced hierarchical management layers. However, he retained his predecessor Reginald Joness system of classifying divisions according to their performance. His goal was to make GE number one or two in every field of its operation and to make every GE business division profitable. He acquired lot of successful and profitable companies. Over the next several years, GE bought 338 businesses and product lines for $11.1 billion and sold 232 for $5.9 billion. Mr. Welch said that his aim was to make GE the nations largest company. In early 1990s, GEs operations were divided into three business groups of technology, service, and manufacturing. Its manufacturing division accounted for roughly one-third of the companys earnings then. However, the service sector was growing faster and represented more than three-quarters of the U.S. economy of mid-1990s. The company launched an aggressive campaign to become dominant in the growing services sector. Research and investment continued towards energy conservation such as more efficient light bulbs, jet engines and electrical power transmission methods. Despite a global economic downturn in the early 1990s, GE managed to keep aggregate sales from its technology, service, and manufacturing operations stable at about $60 billion annually. Acquisitions in the late 1990s centered on two of the companys growth initiatives: services and globalization. Under Welchs leadership, GE in the late 1990s also adopted Six Sigma, a quality control and improvement initiative pioneered b y Motorola, Inc. and Allied Signal Inc. The program aimed at to cut costs by reducing defects in manufacturing. GE claimed that by 1998 Six Sigma was yielding $1 billion in annual savings. The company also continued to restructure where ever necessary, including taking a $2.3 billion charge in late 1997 to close redundant facilities and shift production to cheaper labor markets. During 1999 General Electric adopted a fourth growth initiative i.e. e-business (globalization, services, and Six Sigma being the other three). In October 2000, Jack Welch planned a $40 billion merger of United Technologies Corporation and Honeywell International Inc. This was the largest acquisition in the companys history. However, the Honeywell deal ended up in a sour ending for the Welch era. Jeff Immelt, who joined GE in 1982, was named as president and CEO of General Electric in September 2001. Immelt era: 2001 and Beyond Immelt began to place his imprint in earnest on GE in 2002 through major restructurings and several significant acquisitions. He launched a reorganization of GE Capital. The financial services unit was divided into four separate units to streamline management, increase oversight, and improve transparency. GE began feeling the effects of the economic downturn that year as revenues fell nearly 3 percent, to $125.68 billion; profits nevertheless increased 7.5 percent, reaching $13.68 billion, though that was a far cry from the yearly 13 to 15 percent increases that Wall Street came to expect from GE during the Welch era. The stock ended the year trading at $24.35 per share, less than half of the high price for 2001. Next year, profits rose modestly, to $14.12 billion, or about 3 percent. Taking advantage of the economic downturn to acquire desirable assets from distressed sellers, GEs deal-making appetite grew only larger in 2003. As part of its effort to shift emphasis to higher growth fields, General Electric completed two significant acquisitions in healthcare. Continuing his transformative leadership, Immelt reorganized GEs 13 businesses units into 11 focused on specific markets and customers. Also during 2001, GE Lighting had the largest product launch in its history when it introduced the GE Reveal line of light bulbs to generate a cleaner and crisper light. The reorganization, effective at the beginning of 2004, brought similar businesses together in an effort to increase sales and cut costs. Overall, through the myriad moves engineered during just a few years in charge, Immelt was seeking to cut General Electrics reliance on financial services and mature industrial businesses in favor of such higher growth areas as healthcare and entertainment. He built operations in fast-growing economies such as Chinas. GE was aiming to outsource $5 billion by 2005 of parts and services from China and simultaneously grow sales in China to a like figure. Top Leadership Team and their Characteristics GEs culture of integrity starts with their board of directors and touches every member of the company. Their board members, more than two third of whom are independent, remain in dialogue with GEs leaders. Together they focus on the areas of strategy and risk management while monitoring strategic initiatives personally through site visits. GE leaders are at the forefront of GEs diversified portfolio of business, where they foster an environment that encourages employees integrity and professional development. GE believes that change is the essence of what it means to lead. It is known for having one of the best leadership development models in the world. The end result is that GE is able to build a management core that is very knowledgeable and experienced in the operations of the giant corporation. Worldwide, GE spends $1B every year on training and education program for the people of GE. GE Leadership Team: Jeff Immelt is GEs chairman and CEO. During his tenure since 2001, Jeff has worked to tie GE to the world development, such as emerging markets, environmental solutions, demographics and digital connections. He also laid the vision for GEs ambitious Ecomagination initiative and has been named as one of the Worlds Best CEO three times by Barrons. Leadership to GE means listen to the people and work with them. GE leadership (stated by Jeff Immelt) always believed that building strong leaders is strategic imperative. When market conditions are favourable and a company is on an upward growth then leadership is often taken for granted. However, the true test of leadership is quite evident in turbulent times. Jeff ensured that GE maintained its market position even in turbulent times. Key Actions By Jack Welch Leadership When John F. (Jack) Welch, Jr., took over as a chairman and CEO of GE in 1981, GE was in bad economical and financial situation. He found GE was overgrown, laden with too many layers of management and too many people duplicating work. (Heskett, 2000) Jack Welch restructured GE existing operation extensively. He ruthlessly fired thousands of GE executives and employees and took out GE of hundreds of business lines. Soon he won the nickname of Neutron Jack means getting rid of people while retaining buildings. He decentralized GE management and dismantled the 29 layers of hierarchy and made GE an informal company. Jack opened the GE culture to ideas from everyone, every where by introducing the motto of Imagination at Work, and made boundary less behavior a reflexive, natural part of their culture. He made acquisition of several profitable companies and businesses to make GE more profitable. Jack believed in Globalization and hence implemented strongly. He mentioned that Globalization is good. Globalization makes countries more interdependent on each other. And, the more interdependent we are, the better chances we have for peace. One of the theories of leadership that Welch perfected as CEO of GEl was his theory of the 4 Es. Offic ially known as E to the fourth power, Welch created a leadership dynamics that he employed both at GE and hopes others will employ at their own organizations as well. His program is, for people who have enormous personal energy, the ability to motivate and energize others, edgethe GE code word for being instinctively competitiveand the skill to execute on those attributes. He very strongly enforced the process of Six Sigma. Six Sigma is a vision of quality which equates with only 3.4 defects per million opportunities for each product or service transaction, hence strives for perfection. With its services spanning from the services to the manufacturing sectors, GE realized that the only way they could achieve business excellence in what they were doing was by standardizing processes to minimize variations and hence defects. Todays competitive environment leaves no room for errors. GE is spoken of in the same breath as Motorola for the initiatives that it took on reengineering busines s processes by Six Sigma approach. It is this Six Sigma approach that has led to retention of old customers and acquisition of new ones to the GEs ever-growing list of customers. GEs success with Six Sigma has exceeded most optimistic predictions. Having taken GE with a market capitalization of about $12 billion, Jack Welch turned it into one of the largest and most admired companies in the world, with a market value of about $500 billion, when he stepped down as its CEO 20 years later, in 2000. (Google) By Jeff Immelt Leadership In 2001, shortly after Jeff Immelt took over as CEO, a series of events such terrorist attacks on American soil and corporate scandals (Enron, World com) occurred. These events created significant uncertainty and led to a crisis of confidence among investors community which in turn caused a slow down of the global economy. GEs stock price went down by 16% slightly more than SP 500 (GE 2001 Annual Report). Immelt recognized that managing GEs exposure to business cycles would be critical to organizations long term stability. With most of the productivity gains already achieved by his predecessor through extensive internal reforms, Immelt realized that organic growth is essential for future profit growth. In 2002, Immelt set a goal for GE to achieve a sustained organic growth rate of two to three times the growth of global GDP. Hardly any company has achieved this kind of growth what GE was looking for, and none on a revenue base of $150 billion (Stewart, June 2006). Immelt identified t he emerging global trends, uneven economic growth, increasingly interdependent global economy, global competitiveness of emerging markets and a more volatile and uncertain world. He aimed at creating value for customers by leveraging GEs core competencies, particularly the ability to develop, test and deploy new products, highly customized products and services for high growth markets. In his letter to shareholders in 2003, Immelt articulated GEs three strategic imperatives as: 1) sustaining GEs strong business model 2) strengthening the portfolio and 3) driving growth initiatives (GE 2003 Annual Report). To implement this strategy, GEs business portfolio was restructured through a series of acquisitions and divestments around five key growth initiatives: Technical Leadership, Services, Customer Focus, Globalization and Growth Platforms. Technical Leadership i.e. Technology and Innovation was at the heart of Immelts GE growth initiatives. Identifying new growth platforms was established as a central strategic challenge for all GEs businesses and involved analyzing the market to identify high-growth segments that offered potential for attractive returns. An important step towards developing growth potential has been the launch of the Ecomagination business initiative to help meet customers demand for more energy efficient products. In formulating his approach, Immelt viewed technology as a key driver to GEs future growth and took measures to expand GEs research and development capabilities and supported them with adequate financial backing. Another essential part of Immelts growth strategy has been implementation of the Customer Focus Initiative. This manifested in the renewal of GEs marketing function most notably through the creation of GEs Commercial Council and the deployment of a whole suite of customer-oriented programs. An important outcome of customer focus was the organizations ability to create new value for the customer in vertical selling by bundling products with support services and combining products and services across businesses to deliver highly customized solutions. This enhanced GEs capacity to meet customer spec ific needs (2003 Annual Report). Historically GE is known for developing professional managers who are broad problem solvers with experience in multiple businesses or functions (GE 2003 Annual Report). Immelt realized that he needs to transform GE into a growth oriented culture to achieve success in his growth initiatives, and initiated a management development program Leadership, Innovation, and Growth (LIG) for senior managers of the company to enable managers to effectively lead the change in culture from operational excellence to a growth culture at GE (Prokesch, Jan 2009). He aimed at raising a generation of growth leaders people with market depth, customer touch and technical understanding emphasizing the depth (GE 2003, Annual Report). GE has sold modified Western products to emerging markets for decades. But now, it has embraced the reverse innovation (develop in-expensive products for emerging economies and bring them to the developed nations) to pre-empt the emerging giants. For past 30 years of globalization of products, GEs major functional units like RD, manufacturing are centralized and are headquartered in the developed world which acts as a barrier for the success of reverse innovation strategy. However, changing a long established structure, practices and attitudes is an enormous task and to bring any major change requires companys top leaders to play a major role. Jeff Immelt and its leadership team created a new organizational form Local Growth Teams (LGTs) by giving them special status, funding and personally monitoring them on a monthly basis to facilitate faster implementation of the reverse innovation strategy (Immelt, Oct 2009) GE realized that Marketing is an essential function to achieve long-term growth and has strengthened Marketing by doubling its size from 2,500 in 2003 to 5,000 today. CMO (Chief Marketing Officer) positions were created for all GE businesses and at the corporate level. Marketing has established a Center of Excellence (COE) that would gather and disseminate key competitor information. The COEs biggest contribution is its delineation of potential scenarios (Comstock et al, Oct 2010). GE gradually reduced its representation in certain parts of financial services industry as it continues to reposition itself in the market place around the key themes that Immelt has identified as emerging global trends. By 2010, its operating frame work was centered on four main businesses: energy, technology infrastructure, finance, home business solutions and media. Effectiveness of Top Leadership Jack Welch Jack Welch led the company to massive revenues. In 1980, the year before Welch became CEO, GE recorded revenues of approximately $26.8 billion; in 2000, the year before he left, revenue blasted to nearly $130 billion; almost five fold. When Jack Welch left GE the company had gone from a market value of $14 billion to one of more than $410 billion at the end of 2004, making it the most valuable and largest company in the world, up from Americas tenth largest by market cap in 1981. Through the 1980s, Welch worked to restructure GE and make it a more competitive and profitable company. He also pushed the managers of the businesses to become ever more productive. Welch worked to eliminate inefficiency by dismantling the bureaucracy and made GE a more informal company. He shut down factories and sold unprofitable businesses and laid off low productive staff. Welchs strategy was later adopted by other CEOs across corporate America. In 1999, he was named Manager of the Century by Fortune ma gazine. Some people believe that Welch is given too much credit for GEs success. They argue that individual managers are responsible for the companys success. It is also held that Welch did not rescue GE from great losses as the company had 16% annual earnings growth during the tenure of his predecessor, Reginald H. Jones. Each year, Welch would fire the bottom 10% of his managers. Still GE hires and fires its employees very swiftly; the continuation of same strategy. As soon as GE sees any losses of revenue or contracts, it fires employees or send them on suspended employment. Critics also say that the pressure Welch imposes leads some employees to cut corners, possibly contributing to some of the defense-contracting scandals that have plagued GE or to the humiliating Kidder, Peabody Co. bond-trading scheme of the early 1990s that generated bogus profits. Welch has also received criticism over the years for his lack of compassion for the middle class and working class. Welch has publicly s tated that he is not concerned with the discrepancy between the salaries of top-paid CEOs and those of average workers. Jack Welch had a record salary of $94 million a year, followed by his record retirement-plan of $8 million a year. Jeff Immelt In 2001, Immelt demonstrated his ability to recognize the changing business environment in the face of a sliding share price in the aftermath of 9/11 and Enron and World com scandals, and assured shareholders by communicating his commitment to good corporate governance and transparency by the introduction of more detailed financial disclosure. He developed and implemented organic growth strategy for organizations long-term sustainable growth considering the emerging global trends in the business environment. Jeff Immelt also addressed the alignment of the structure, systems, skills and staff to effectively achieve the organizational change to transform GE into a company with growth initiative as a core competency. In the context of global financial crisis of 2008, GEs repositioning towards technology and industry has played an important role in protecting GEs revenue and earnings base. Despite the global financial crisis of 2008 which impacted severely on GEs share price, its financ ial performance continued to show remarkable resilience through 2009. However, the GEs stock price is still down at $16 and has under-performed despite earnings growth. One reason could be its financial units perceived exposure in financial markets. In these challenging economic times, the jury is still out on the long term success of Jeff Immelts growth strategy for GE. However, the time will be the ultimate judge. Good business leaders create a vision, articulate the vision, passionately own the vision and relentlessly drive it to completion. By imbibing all these qualities, Jeff Immelt has been successful as an effective leader in positioning GE for sustainable growth in the long term.

machiavelli :: essays research papers fc

Philip Habib  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Nov.1, 2003 Block D Machiavelli Bibliography James Burnham The Machiavellians : Defenders of Freedom Gateway Editions, Washington D.C., 1987   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A political theorist named James Burnham states that in order to be scientific, its method and goals must not be transcendentally based, and its outcome must be realistic. Dante de Monarchia and Machiavelli were considered two of the best political theorists in the time of the renaissance; however, they both had a different way in writing and stating their political theories. For Machiavelli’s way of writing consisted of stating the truth of what was going around, the reality and the exact description of politics, unlike Dante, who was using imagination in writing his political theories, and for that he was criticized by Machiavelli, where Machiavelli stated that a true political theorist should not be transcendentally based, and his methods, goals, and overall should be based on reality. One of Machiavelli’s was to unify Italy. He did not accomplish his goal, although he tried to in his writings, specifically in one of his books called â€Å"The Pr ince†. In this book, Machiavelli tried to call for a hero who could save Italy and unify it. But Italy, back then, was facing problems. Italy had to do a wise decision, whether to unify or to remain in the political structure it was in. If Italy remained in the same political structure then it would suffer from a huge economic and cultural loss, but if Italy decided to unify and become a whole country, then it would become the most important country in the modern world. Machiavelli was surely aware of the situation, and gave Italy his ideas for the unification, but Italy refused it. Later on, Italy regretted not accepting Machiavelli’s ideas, but by then it was too late, and Italy paid the consequences of being ignorant to a wise idea that could have changed history. Machiavelli’s writings were so important and wise during the renaissance. He was the first person who separated politics from ethics, as well as, science from ethics, considering that politics and sc ience are based on facts and reality. Machiavelli always had a way to look for the truth, and this influenced many people, and in fact, looking for the truth is moral that he taught to every person who knew him, not even personally. In conclusion, Machiavelli was considered the best political theorist during the renaissance times, as important as he is today, and his way of writing was way much better than Dante’s.

My Philosophy as a Teacher :: Philosophy of Education Statement Teaching Essays

My Philosophy as a Teacher I want that â€Å"A† assignment displayed on David’s refrigerator. I want Julie to recount that discussion about Elie Weisel’s Night to her friend on the bus, and I want them to feel enlightened and emotional about it. Years from now, I want to hear Jose tell his son about the class where he realized he wasn’t stupid and could write well. I want him to write a story about it. I haven’t taught a David, a Julie or a Jose yet, but one day I want to have that kind of effect on my students. No matter how a child feels about school, it plays a tremendous part in a child’s life. Teachers can brighten or burden a student’s day, every day, depending on how a teacher conducts her class and how she relates to her students. For this reason, I believe I must teach more than just English and more than that which can be measured by grades. I believe a good teacher can give a student the skills and self confidence that may propel that child through life. Whetting a child’s interest in learning and pushing a child to prove himself capable of obtaining and improving on his talents, is of vital importance. Having been a student for nearly sixteen years now, I believe that in order to be an effective conveyer of skills and knowledge, I must always plan, be organized, structured and make my expectations high and clear for my students. Whenever possible, I must streamline and simplify complex ideas in order to help students grasp new skills and concepts. Teaching freshly, creatively and entertainingly is also highly important. As an English teacher, I want to guide my students closely through their writing processes, emphasizing the revision process, which I find to be crucial in learning to write well. I want to help alleviate the intense stress that students sometimes feel about writing by making them write often. With practice, I hope to make writing feel natural and enjoyable for even my most English-hating students.

Quebec Essay -- Quebec Profound Nationalism, Sovereignty

The reaction to a majority vote in Quebec and their subsequent succession. Quebec has struggled with a need to be maitres chez nous â€Å"masters of their own house† (Young, 1998). Many attempts at resolving Quebec's issues has resulted in tensions from both sides. Because Quebec has a strong national identity, and do not define themselves as strictly Canadian, Quebec is seen as difficult, unyielding and discontented. Quebec's separation perhaps is inedible and the future of Canada questionable. Canada without Quebec will bring about many complications and whether there is a rest of Canada (ROC) after Quebec a major challenge. Western alienation and the lack of representation in federal affairs will be a factor; moreover, past actions and historical events may have turned Canada into a time bomb, and the deterioration of the provinces the only sulotion. How First Ministers react to Quebec's sovereignty regarding economic factors, political structure, and constitutional issues will be of great importance. Whether emotional issues will play a major r ole in decision making is subjective; however, it is fair to say that it will be an emotionally charged event and it could either tear apart the ROC or fuse it together. Placing emphasis on investigating what keeps Canada together is perhaps the key to Canada's future, and salvaging a relationship with Quebec. To decide what to do after Quebec separates, First Ministers and the ROC, must first look at why it happened. Perhaps Quebec's profound nationalism and unique national identity conflicted with citizens in the ROC; in order to gain understanding of their decision the ROC must look at Quebec's past. Quebec was not always treated fairly nor where they given many rights in regards t... ... A successful strategy in the accommodation of national minorities within a liberal democracy could be founded upon mutual trust, recognition and sound financial arrangements. However, a certain degree of tension between central and regional institutions may remain as a constant threat in this complex relationship since they entertain opposing aims. The federal governments determination to protect its territorial integrity, and its will to foster a single national identity among its citizens clashes with Quebec’s wish to be recognized as a separate nation and decide upon its political destiny and to foster its distinct identity (Guibernau pg.72). Moreover, if the ROC and the federal government can come to an agreement on terms that satisfy the majority and an identity that encompasses the heart of a country; Canada will continue to exist with or without Quebec.

Religious Education S.B. Essay

Introduction The Rastafarian symbols are important tools to the Rasta’s and their religion and a massive amount of Rasta’s see it as a way of life rather than a religion as a result of this the researcher did a research in order to find out â€Å"The importance of the Rastafarian symbols to the Rasta’s and why does the Rasta’s of the community of Rose Hill District, St.Mary join this religion?† Acknowledgment The researcher would like to thank a number of persons for their assistance and cooperation throughout this research without them the successful completion of this study would not have been possible. Firstly the researcher would like to thank his teacher Mrs. Thomas and his friend Christopher Stephenson for giving him the task of completing this research truly it had positively impacted and the researcher and for instructing the researcher so he could put the research together. The researcher would like to thank his parent for relieving him from his chores and for her encouragement throughout this stressful period so that the research could be properly conducted and completed. The researcher would also like to thank the Rasta’s of the community of Riversdale, St. Catherine for answering the given questionnaires, for making sure the researcher was on the right track in conducting his research and the Highgate Library and their internet source for providing the researcher with the necessary important information and last but not least the researcher would like to thank God for giving him the strength and patience so that the research could be properly conducted and completed. Topic: Rastafarian Symbols Aims The importance of the Rastafarian symbols. The significance of the Rastafarian symbols. The founder and foundation of the different Rastafarian symbols. The different uses of the Rastafarian symbols. INFORMATION COLLECTION The researcher used both primary and secondary sources to obtain information. The primary source used is questionnaire. A questionnaire may be defined as a written set of questions answered by a number of people to provide information for a survey. A total of twenty (20) questionnaires were issued to twenty Rastafarians, eighteen males and two females living in the Riversdale community in St.Catherine on July 28, 2011 and were collected back within ten working days. The reason the researcher decided to use written questionnaire are: Questionnaire allow data to be collected from a large number of people Questionnaire is cost effective Questionnaire make it possible to compare the responses of many respondents Questionnaire can be used to collect data that can be expressed in statistical for using graphs and tables. The secondary source used to obtain information is literature review. The researcher used literature review to gain factual information of what books and reliable websites have said about the topic, Rastafarian symbols and this allow for comparison of the different views. The limitations experience in using these methods to collect data is that the respondents may not answer the questions truthfully and the questions may be ambiguous. Summary of finding Literature review have shown that the Rastafarian religion was formed in 1930 by a group of Rasta’s and from that time until now it have been widespread throughout the world. The Rastafarian movement is said to be a male dominated religion with about 92% of the members of this religion been male and a small 8% been female. Rasta’s are expected to be purity and righteous people and are not expected to eat any & everything thus they eat what is  known as ital food as been part of their main diet to remain healthy & fit. The ganja is one of the most recognized symbols of the Rastafarian and thus is smoke in abundance by them and all some none Rasta’s as they said it help them to meditate. The marijuana is not only use for smoking by the Rasta’s but they use it as medicine and they also use it in worship to get closer to God. The word jah is used in the everyday life of the Rasta’s and also non Rasta’s whether in worship when reaching out to th eir supreme being Haile Selassie or in their every life talking. The word jah has become a profound word use by almost every entertainer in the music industry today in their songs whether Rasta or non Rasta and is seen printed on buildings and vehicles of Rasta’s and non Rasta’s. Unlike the word jah the Rastafarian flag is seen printed on the buildings & vehicles of many Rastafarian living in the world today. The dread locks should be a symbol that as you see a Rasta you know that he or she is a real Rasta but it is not quite so in the world today, many person living in the world today tend to use the dreadlocks hair style as a fashion and not as a symbol of been part of the religious group. This is not good for the Rastafarian religion for if these imitators when out and do something which is not righteous or profound to the Rastafarian religion it would not only give this person a bad name but instead giving the Rastafarian religion a bad name. Many person today use the dreadlocks hair style & the Rastafarian religion as just a stepping stone for making money and one place where this is widely use is the entertainment industry. The Rastafarian religion today have not just benefited Rastafarian alone but also non Rasta as during the fast tourist season such as the summer time many person make arts of the Rastafarian symbols & other instrument of the Rastafarian movement and sell it to tourist to make a living and also some men tend to Rasta up their hair to become marketable to the tourist as it is said that tourist love and cherish Rasta men and are willing to pay for their service sex wise.

Leadership in the African American Community Essay

Since thr entirely, African the Statesns strike g whiz through a lot to r from each unity their current state. In the early 20th political machinebon, African the Statesns approach variety, closing off, and were discriminated according to their skin color. It started when Europeans brought the root Africans to America, and go along throughout the urbane warfare. The American regi hands do well-nigh changes in policies. A variety of leaders cause the successful crusade to fightd black compare in America (Bowles, 2011). Ever since slavery begun, African Americans nonplus been determined to revoke sequestration, discrimination, and closing off.Activists such as, Martin Luther King younger and Malcolm X, and other(a)s, conjugated together to put an barricade to separationism, discrimination, and isolation to attain courtly rights and recrudesceakeity. Slavery had changed dramatic in ally in the late 1600s. About this condemnation the slave allot to American colonies in addition began increasing to meet the gather up for rubbishy projection. Traders sell slaves to the Yankee colonies, just promptly slope and other European immigrants satisfied the de adult maled for labor there (Echerd, 2009). Slaves in America came from western and central Africa.African tribes constraining to times enslaved those defeated in intertribal wars and sold their captives to European slave traders. The tribes raided villages to obtain slaves to trade for European goods. Slave traders had change surface offered the Africans guns and other goods for the slaves. Slaves constituted a rough, hard life. Cheap labor was a huge part of their snuff its. They had to manoeuver from sunrise to sun club. The pop off consisted of clearing land, tended to field of tobacco, rice, and vegetables. They alike performed m either other tasks that had helped postulate woodlets al close to completely self-sufficient.No slaves truism any money for their tasks tha t they had performed, solely they did grow food, clothing, and shelter. The slaves had resided in small one-room huts, which had no get throughdows and the floors were all dirt. Most slaves accepted their living condition, how incessantly, they knew no other way of life (Koehler, 2009). However, discolor entropyerners regained control of state govern work durabilityts in the South during the late 1870s, however, and reversed virtually of the earlier gains do by creator slaves. For event segregation. What is segregation?According to Websters Dictionary, to segregate is defined as to separate or puzzle apart from others isolate or to require, frequently with force, the separation of a unpaired(prenominal) racial, phantasmal, or other group from the consistence of society. Segregation has been a part of our American heritage, almost from the mowork forcet slaves arrived on the shores of the cutting World (Bowles, 2011). In 17th century Virginia, the theocratic governmen t feared that racial merge between freed and enslaved blacks and snow-white indentured servants would let a representation to usurp government spot.They passed laws in which the color line was intelligibly defined in any guilty penalisations. By treating whites and blacks separately and unequally, these Virginian leaders set up a brass of white supremacy that would become an essential chemical element of American slavery. Separation and segregation was the pronounce of the day, with African Americans macrocosm forced to put one over in separate railroad cars, feature their have hotels and courthouses, and even get water supply out of their own drinking fountains. Their children could not attend the same schools with the etiolate children.To further push the color-line, they so added in segregation with the Jim Crow Laws. This is mainly because the Whites were considered to be superior, and because were thought to deserve snap off schools with better facilities. A frican Americans on the other make were considered inferior, and hence their children attended low-quality schools that lacked adequate facilities (Sitkoff & Franklin, 2008). The Northern States, which had grew and prospered during the war, believed the origin slaves to be equal as any other person.The gray States, exempt angry over the neediness of the war and their firm belief in White superiority, took a contrary approach. They created and compel what were have intercourse as the corrosive Codes. These were legislations passed in southern states to control labor, migration and other activities of the freed slaves. scandalous Codes allowed effectual marriage, space ownership and check entryway to the court systems. It prohibited them from testifying against whites, helping on juries or militias, voting and ordinaryly expressing any form of legal concerns ( www. history. com). any causation slave that did not point every year labor contract with the plantation o wners could be arrested and hired out. The Black codes in dead allowed for the continued and legal discrimination against the designer slaves (www. history. com). Congress quickly responded to these laws in 1866 and seized the green light in remaking the to the south. Re commonplaceans cherished to picture that with the remaking the south, freed blacks were made viable fractions of society. except the strong southern legislatures finally gave in in 1868 they repealed most of the laws that discriminated against blacks. Things were starting to hear up.But by 1877 Democratic parties regained their violence of the south and ended reconstruction. In 1882, southern states passed Jim Crow laws that enforced strict segregation between blacks and whites and limited African-American courtly rights. This was devastating to the blacks. subsequently all the strides they made were reversed. From holding political dutys, the right to vote, and alive(p) as equal members of society w as changed. The south gradually reinstated the racially discriminatory laws. The dickens main goals they wanted these laws to achieve disenfranchisement and segregation.To photograph away the power that the blacks had gained, the Democratic party began to stop Blacks from voting. There were galore(postnominal) ways to stop blacks from voting. Some of these things were poll tax, which were fees were charged at voting booths and were expensive for most blacks, and the literacy test. Since teaching blacks were illegal, most adult blacks were former slaves and illiterate. And the other goal, segregation, causes the democrats to create laws that segregated the schools and public facilities. The Northern States, which had grew and prospered during the war, believed the former slaves to be equal as any other person.The Southern States, still angry over the loss of the war and their firm belief in White superiority, took a different approach. They created and enforced what were cogni se as the Black Codes. These were legislations passed in Southern states to control labor, migration and other activities of the freed slaves. Black Codes allowed legal marriage, property ownership and limited access to the court systems. It prohibited them from testifying against whites, serving on juries or militias, voting and publicly expressing any form of legal concerns.Any former slave that did not sign yearly labor contract with the plantation owners could be arrested and hired out. The Black codes in short allowed for the continued and legal discrimination against the former slaves. Just like more or less African Americans activists fought this segregation, virtually Whites had some groups of their own to carry the segregation on and on. The Ku Klux Klan was one of them. The Ku Klux Klan, Knights of White Camellia, and other terrorists murdered thousands of blacks and some whites to prevent them from voting and participating in public life.The KKK was founded in 1865 to 1 866. They directed their military group towards black landowners, politicians, and community leaders. They also did this to spate who supported Republicans or racial equalities (Anti-Defamation League, 2012). aft(prenominal) the abolishment of slavery in the U. S. the KKK formed. They hated blacks and would commit crimes against them. Murders, abeyances, and lynches are just some of the crimes against the blacks (www. kkk. bz, n. d. ). The Ku Klux Klan claims to be just defending their pack like other races do. What is a kill?Lynching is a form of punishment with no legal permission. Most times lynch occurred against African Americans by hanging them. This was very popular during the Gilded develop afterward the American obliging War when African Americans were freed from slavery. Many White men would use lynch against Black men for being in a complicated relationship with a White woman. However, because lynching had no legal basis, it was thought to have been a tool that was used against freed slaves that had achieved monetary stability and authority in coiffe to remain a White-dominated nation.Lynching was most likely performed by White supremacy groups like the KKK. Lynching was done by hanging or shooting, or two. However, umteen were of a more hideous nature. burning at the stake at the stake, maiming, dismemberment, castration, and other brutal methods of somatic torture are all part of a lynching. Lynching therefore was a cruel combination of racialism and sadism, which was utilized primarily to sustain the caste system in the South. Many white tribe believed that Negroes could only be controlled by fear. To them, lynching was seen as the most effective supposes of control.Defending your deal is one thing, but to torture another human being is inhuman. The KKK has several stories out there right away on how they treated the blacks, whether they did anything wrong or not. For instance, a Louisiana woman is in critical condition af ter she was set on fire, resulting in burns on roughly 60 percent of her body, and her car appears to have had racial slurs written on it at the time of her attack (Mach, n. d. ). They had even gone as far as church dudings. The KKK launched a bomb into a church during a Sunday service, which unexpended four innocent teenage girls dead.The men responsible hid behind the cloak of secrecy, determent and the white robes of the oldest terrorist organization in the world, the Ku Klux Klan (Gado, n. d. ). Therefore, until the Civil Rights Act of 1964, racial discrimination is an furnish that was not seriously tackled. The act was a successful result of most varied civil rights legislation and Civil Rights Movements for close to a century (Finkelman, 2009). The act tell discrimination on the basis of color, race, ethnicity, religion, and many other aspects as unconstitutional.During the critical eld from 1954 to 1963, a variety of leaders with different bunsgrounds, such as lawyers from the NAACP, women school term on quite a littlees, ministers from southern black churches, militants from black power organizations, and youth from colleges had shaped the successful struggle toward black equality in America (Bowles, 2011). In 1896, the Supreme Courts Plessy v. Ferguson decision established that separate but equal facilities for whites and blacks were allowable under the U. S. Constitution. topical anaesthetic governmental officials could designate separate public facilities like drinking fountains, restrooms, and schools.Even courthouses often had separate Bibles according to the defendants race. The problem was that separate usually meant unequal, and segregation subverted the freedom of every African American (Sundquist, 1993). Now, it is time for the African- Americans to fight back. The incident that made them want to make a dispute was the Rosa Park mass ride. After a long day of work on December 1, 1955, position, feet hurt, looked forward to sittin g on the bus for her ride home. At the time, there was a city economy stating that African Americans had to give up their seating room on a train or bus if a white man asked for them.When a white man approached Parks and told her that he wanted her seat, she simply verbalize no. Although she acted as a cliquish citizen, her response was as an informed, committed member of the NAACP movement. The bus driver had asked Parks to move. When she did not, the bus driver said, Look, woman, I told you I wanted the seat. Are you going to stand up? When Parks again said no, the driver threatened, If you dont stand up, Im going to have you arrested. She gave no reply but at the succeeding(a) stop, Rosa was arrested (Garrow, 2004). A pastor known as Martin Luther King younger, organize a boycott, the Montgomery bus boycott. King younger took this to a higher level and kept up(p) and organized the Southern Christian leaders Conference (SCLC), which coordinated similar bus boycotts in oth er cities. Shortly after the boycott, King had found a bomb on his porch. King went to Birmingham, Alabama, where he continued his nonviolent protests and marches. However, the police authorized force to disband Kings pursuit by using electric kine prods, tear gas, and fire hoses (Bowles, 2011).King was arrested with the others, but upon his release from jail he went to capital letter, D. C., where he and demonstrators met at the National Mall and intercommunicate them with his famous We Shall Overcome speech on August 23, 1963. Kings haggling at the capital that day were a defining moment of the Civil Rights movement. former(a) demonstrations and civil disobedience campaigns sought to summation African-American voter registration and win better jobs. Malcolm X actively promoted the Black Muslim cause. Even after sermon about non-violence and wanting peace, Martin Luther King Jr. was assassinated. The civil rights movement dramatically increase participation of African- Ameri can voters in both the South and the North today.By the mid-70s some 4000 African-Americans have been elected to political office at all levels of government. Qualified African-Americans now have a wider range of opportunities than ever before. Whether you are White or African-American, each group has face up its own peculiar challenges on its approach to democracy (Rappaport, 2001). This racism is wrong and unconstitutional. The 13th Amendment is ratified, abolishing slavery, which some people still went against it. The 14th Amendment granted citizenship to the former slaves and forbade states from denying any person life, liberty, or property without due process of the law.The 14th Amendment also guaranteed equal protection of the law for all citizens. The 15th Amendment barred states from denying citizens the right to vote based on race, color, or earlier servitude (Hertz, 2009). In a perfect world, everyone would be equal. The color of ones skin, religious beliefs or sexual pr eference would mean nothing. We would accept everyone for whom and what they are. We would rejoice in the differences between each other instead of belittling, hating and secern against those differences. We dont however live in a perfect world.We live in a world change with distrust and hate. If we dont know or understand it in our society, then it is wrong. It will be discriminated against in one form or another. We as a country have made study strides in overcoming racism, however we still have far to go. In conclusion, African Americans faced isolation, discrimination, and segregation during the post-construction period. Racial discrimination was also prevalent in the military where back soldiers were considered inferior to white soldiers and hence mischievously trained and equipped.The issue of racial discrimination, isolation and segregation was not seriously tackled until the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was enacted. Civil rights activists such as Malcolm X and Martin Luther K ing Jr. organized the famous 1963 protest in Washington that eventually forced President tail end Kennedy to pass the Act. It is therefore, clear that the journey to end isolation, discrimination, and segregation to attain equality and civil rights has been hard but worthwhile. ? References Bowles, M. (2011). American biography 1865- Present End of Isolation. San Diego, CA Bridgepoint. Retrieved at https//content.ashford. edu/books/AUHIS204. 11. 2 Finkelman, P. (2009) Encyclopedia of African American history, 1896-present, Madison Avenue, New York Oxford University Press Rappaport, D. (2001). Martins Big Words The Life of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Sitkoff, H. , & Franklin, J. (2008) The Struggle for Black equality. Hill and Wang emergence http//www. adl. org/learn/ext_us/kkk/default. asp? LEARN_Cat=Extremism&LEARN_SubCat=Extremism_in_America&xpicked=4& feature=kkk http//www. history. com/topics/black-codes Civil Rights Act of 1964 http//www. ourdocuments. gov/doc. php? doc=97&p age=transcript.